{"id":16145,"date":"2023-08-03T05:49:29","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T03:49:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thesmartcityjournal.cibeles.net\/sin-categoria\/making-the-immense-graspable\/"},"modified":"2023-08-02T19:36:09","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T17:36:09","slug":"making-the-immense-graspable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thesmartcityjournal.com\/en\/technology\/making-the-immense-graspable","title":{"rendered":"Making the immense graspable"},"content":{"rendered":"

New book examines the power of computer simulations to test otherwise untestable theories, offering insights into the history of the universe<\/p>\n

Anyone can look up into the sky at a galaxy. A powerful telescope can help. But how much of it can you really see, much less understand, this way?<\/p>\n

That\u2019s where computer simulations come in, according to Andrew Pontzen, professor of cosmology at University College London.<\/p>\n

Pontzen spoke Friday, as part of the series Harvard Science Book Talks<\/a>, about his recent book \u201cThe Universe in a Box: Simulations and the Quest to Code the Cosmos,\u201d which he wrote for a general audience. The book focuses on how simulations help scientists study the mysteries of the universe.<\/p>\n

Computer simulations have become critical tools for cosmologists and astrophysicists. By modeling complex astrophysical phenomena that are impossible to observe in a lab or any other way we currently have available, simulations provide a glimpse into the formation of galaxies, stars, black holes, and the workings of the cosmos.<\/p>\n

With the help of modern supercomputers that can run massive calculations, simulations have enabled scientists to do what they couldn\u2019t do with pencil and paper, Pontzen said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe question that we have as cosmologists is twofold: First, how did the universe come to be structured in this way?\u201d said Pontzen. \u201cAnd how does it relate to the story of our own solar system, the sun, and the earth? It turns out computer simulations are a great way to get to grips with these kinds of questions.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cosmology, the study of the universe, has been revolutionized in the last few decades by the development of faster, more powerful supercomputers. One hurdle for researchers in the past has been the immensity of the universe. There might be trillions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars. To the naked eye the galaxies appear scattered at random, but simulations show they are organized in a pattern, the so-called cosmic web.<\/p>\n

But as much as simulations provide insights into the structure of the universe, they also reveal only \u201cthe tip of the iceberg,\u201d said Pontzen.<\/p>\n

Visible materials in the universe, such as stars, planets, and the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, can be seen directly through telescopes, but they comprise only about 5 percent of the total mass and energy of the universe. The remaining 95 percent includes materials such as dark matter and dark energy, which at the moment scientists are unable to probe in any laboratory.<\/p>\n

Simulations have proven to be effective in predicting the behavior of dark matter, an extra material in the universe that can\u2019t be seen but can make its presence felt through gravity.<\/p>\n

The story of how simulations came to be goes back to the 19th century, said Pontzen. In his book, he pays tribute to computer pioneers Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. An English mathematician, Babbage is considered the \u201cfather of the computer\u201d for having built a computing machine in 1821. Lovelace, also an English mathematician, wrote a set of operating instructions, or an algorithm, for Babbage\u2019s machine, years later.<\/p>\n

Simulations couldn\u2019t exist without computers, Pontzen said.<\/p>\n

\u201cAda Lovelace wrote a really beautiful description of what a simulation essentially is,\u201d he said. \u201cShe said, \u2018Those who view mathematical science not merely as a vast body of abstract and immutable truths will regard with special interest all that can tend to facilitate the translation of its principles into explicit practical forms.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

As an example of a pioneering use of simulations, Pontzen highlighted the role of meteorologist Lewis Fry Richardson, who applied math and physics to weather forecasting in the early 1900s. \u201cHe attempted to do simulations of meteorology to make weather forecasts before computers were even available,\u201d said Pontzen. \u201cHe was trying to do this by hand, using what looked like a giant spreadsheet he was filling in, doing loads of calculations by hand in order to translate theoretical physics into something really practical.\u201d<\/p>\n

With its alluring ability to visually replicate systems or phenomena impossible to study in a lab or outer space, computer simulations have been embraced in medicine, climate science, economics, and epidemiology, among other disciplines.<\/p>\n

Simulations have also captured people\u2019s imaginations and popular culture. In \u201cThe Matrix<\/a>,\u201d a science fiction movie released in 1999, humans are trapped inside a simulated reality created by intelligent machines. In 2003, Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom published a paper<\/a> titled \u201cAre We Living in a Simulation?\u201d<\/p>\n

In his book, Pontzen deals with the question. During the talk, the event\u2019s moderator, At\u0131n\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011fan \u015eeng\u00fcl, Ph.D. \u201923, didn\u2019t miss the chance to ask whether it\u2019s possible that we are living in a simulation. The cosmologist was quick to dismiss it, saying that even if it\u2019s a fun idea to toy with, scientific evidence does not support the existence of \u201csome external reality.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think we\u2019re in quite a lot of trouble when we start believing in that kind of thing because then, by implication, everything we\u2019re doing in cosmology is a bit of a waste of time, because all that stuff out there is not real,\u201d said Pontzen. \u201cIt\u2019s first at all a problem for cosmologists, but it\u2019s also a problem for all of us, as humanity, because it\u2019s creating a sort of doubt on the nature of reality \u2026 To me, this set of ideas is quite antithetical to scientific progress. It\u2019s almost like encouraging us just to give up on knowing what\u2019s really going on.\u201d<\/p>\n

Source: <\/em>Liz Mineo <\/em>Harvard Staff Writer<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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